The Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement - 983 Words

Progression or Suppression? Evaluating the Theoretical Policies in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement Liberalism asserts several tenets that explain the United States’ people’s failure to approve of a potential trade agreement, the Trans Pacific Partnership. Classical Liberalism refers to a series of concepts which are contingent upon individual autonomy. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) refers to a proposed free trade deal amongst 12 countries across the Asia-Pacific region including the USA. The tenets of liberalism that explain the people’s failure to approve of the possible trade agreement include popular sovereignty and consent, individual autonomy, individual rights and limited and representative government. An essential tenet of liberalism, â€Å"Popular Sovereignty and Consent† is a principal notion when it comes to the American people’s majority dislike of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This tenet states that the government should be given its authority from the people from which it may govern. The tenet moreover states that the authority ought to rest in the hands of the people and not an elite figure. There is a violation of this tenant of liberalism through a most basic option: through how the Trans-Pacific Partnership was written. The government wrote the entire document in secret. The treaty is also being negotiated with only business interests at the table. â€Å"Groups representing the interests of consumers, labor, human rights, the environment,Show MoreRelatedThe Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Trans-Pacific Partnership. This, seven years in the making, the document has now finally showed all its entire document on November 5th , 2015. Where it is now being reviewed by congress for ninety days (DePillis, 2015). However, what exactly is the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement? Also, how does this affect society? While the last question is too broad to answer; this paper will show the effects on three specific products: milk, dolphins, and video games. The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreementRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement1918 Words   |  8 Pagestaken by those involved because it is a matter that effects people deeply, and when foreign governments and markets are thrown into the mix as well then the fireworks will begin. The Trans Pacific Partnership agreement is no exception to this, hard lines for and against have formed stronger and stronger as the agreement has shaped, and each side has their reasons why they are right, but both cannot be right simultaneously so the question has to be asked which side is right? The Washington post andRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership : A Free Trade Ag reement1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership, also known as the TPP is a free trade agreement that is among 12 countries including Canada. This trade agreement is for the 21st century. The deal is between Australia, United States, Brunei, Peru, Singapore, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, Chile, Malaysia, and Vietnam. According to this, the agreement covers 40% of the world’s economy. The TPP’s effective goals are to improve trade, investment, economic growth, job creation, development, and innovations through the partnershipRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Free Trade Agreement Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesabout 12 Countries in the Pacific region, 8 years of restricted secret meetings, an estimated 28,000,000,000,000(28 trillion dollars) which equals roughly 40% of the worlds Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and Congress can’t make any provisions what so ever. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade Agreement(TPP) is the largest trade deal to e ver be executed in history. In 2005 4 Countries Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore Signed the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership program(TPSEP). In 2008Read MoreKey Provisions Of The Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement1656 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper focuses on the key provisions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. The agreement is an expansion from the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement to now include 12 countries. The U.S. government has specific objectives, 13 in fact, for the agreement. If finalized, the agreement would encompass 40 percent of the world’s economy and produce over $300 billion U.S. dollars a year. Labor, goods, services, textiles, and intellectual property make up some of the key provisionsRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership : A Free Trade Agreement Essay1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership is something that you may have heard of on the news, but like many, you probably do not know what exactly it is. The Trans-Pacific Partnership or TPP as it is commonly referred to in shorthand is a free trade agreement that the United States and 12 countries which includes Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, the United States, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, and New Zealand. Free Trade means that tariffs are virtually dismantled in between countries to supposedlyRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Is A Controversial Free Trade Agreement1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership is a controversial free trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam, which encompass forty percent of the total global economy, making it the largest trade deal signed in the last twenty years. While President Barack Obama has been pushing this agreement, many politicians have come out against it, including presidential hopefuls Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders, callingRead MoreTh e Trans Pacific Partnership Is An Asia Pacific Regional Free Trade Agreement1146 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Trans-Pacific Partnership is an Asia-Pacific regional free trade agreement currently under negotiation between the Unties States and about a dozen countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean† (Weddle, 2013). It’s a giant free trade deal that has been in the process of negotiation for about a decade. The ultimate goal of the deal is to join countries together through a unified agreement and make free trade among these counties smooth and painless. The trade agreement covers everything from tariffsRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership : A Multilateral Free Trade Agreement1958 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Trans-Pacific Partnership (Greenburg, par. 4). The United States will supposedly lose sovereignty and it will hurt jobs and economy by including China in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. However, the partnership involving China will improve both countries relations and economies tremendously and willcreate many more jobs. Therefore, the United States needs to invite China into the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The Trans-Pacific Partnership, also known as the Trans-Pacific Strategic Partnership AgreementRead MoreA Short Note On Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) Trade Agreement1423 Words   |  6 PagesPresident, I am writing this letter in regards to the involvement of the U.S. in the current negotiations of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement. I would like to address the current flaws that this partnership presents for the United States and how it will negatively affect not only our economy, but the American people as well. This agreement with eleven other Asia-Pacific countries aims to â€Å"open markets, set high-standard trade rules, and address 21st-century issues in the global economy†

Should College Athletes Be Paid - 886 Words

student athletes, should be designed in a way that promotes academic progress as well as graduation. Whether you are on a college campus or listening to a sports talk radio show, the question of should college athletes be paid seems to have been discussed forever. One of the major arguments for paying student athletes is that the colleges use the athletes to generate revenue for the college. â€Å"There are also those that argue that athletes should be paid for the hours that they often put in their respective sports and classrooms† (Jung, 2013). There have been a lot that has been said in regards to the fact that athletes are making colleges better because they attract other potential students and the athletes should be rewarded for that impact to the college (Smith, 2011). Some may argue that all a student athlete has to do is be patient and their huge professional salary will be there for them in a few years. These same individuals feel it is wrong that the student athletes are not paid for all the work they do. (McCormick, 2006). If the athletes deem themselves as being good enough and do not want to play in the collegiate schools, they should instead jump to a professional league. â€Å"Professional leagues such as the National Basketball Association, National Hockey League, National Football League and Major League Baseball often have some type of an age restriction for the athletes that want to work for the league† (Smith, 2011). These restrictions in most instances do notShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years college sports have been about the love of the game, filled with adrenaline moments. However, the following question still remains: Should college athletes get paid to play sports in college? Seemingly, this debate has been endless, yet the questions have gone unanswered. The National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) plays a vital role in this debate. The NCAA is a billion dollar industry, but yet sees that the athlete should get paid for their hard work and dedicationRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1334 Words   |  6 Pagesrising to the surface is â€Å"Should college athletes be paid?†. This has become a burning question. The NCAA is a multibillion-dollar industry, that makes millions, if not billions, in revenue. Yet it’s still maintains the non-profit status meaning that the industry is not set on making a profit and none of the revenue that is made is distributed to its members, managers, or officers. While most players who play in college sports are under a scholarship, that pays for the college tuition, books, and housingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1578 Words   |  7 PagesAshay Mehta Nou Per 8 Should College Athletes Be Paid? One of the hottest debates in the sports industry is if college athletes should be paid. If you want to pay these athletes, how would the college determine the dollar amount that should be paid? Should the basketball team make more than the football team? Should the the soccer team be paid as well? Cheerleading? Chess team? Should everyone on the team get a salary? What if your college is good at football and your basketball team is awfulRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that college athletes at the highest performing schools are better treated than others. Although they do not get paid, they do receive some benefits for being athletes that other students would not get. One advantage for playing a sport is access to scholarships that some schools reserve for their athletes. Depending on the school and the athlete’s performance, money towards tuition is often given. Only some schools are willing to grant â€Å"full-ride† scholar ships for certain athletes. AccordingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHave you paid attention to all of the news that has been surfacing about collegiate sports lately? It is a big topic now days in the world of sports on weather college athletes should be getting paid to play sports. College athletics have gained great popularity of the past few decades, and have brought schools lots of revenue. A lot of college athletes think they should be getting paid for their services they do for their school. College sports like basketball and football generate over six billionRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1130 Words   |  5 PagesWhat college athlete would not want to be paid to play the sport that he or she loves? The real question is, though, should college athletes be paid for their roles in a college’s athletics? They are many points to each side of this recent controversial topic, which is why this has been made into such a hot deba te in the past couple of years. As of right now, these athletes are not getting paid, but many of them truly believe that they should. Others believe that they already are being paid throughRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?986 Words   |  4 PagesPaying the College Athlete The college athlete has steadily grown in popularity in the United States over the span of the past decades. Monetarily speaking, this increased publicity has been extremely beneficial for National Athletic Association (NCAA) and all the colleges involved in athletics which has sparked the dispute of whether or not the athlete should be paid for their hard work and dedication on the field and to their school or if the athletic scholarship is more than enough. College athletesRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1558 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent-athletes participate in a variety of different sports, and currently they do not receive paychecks for their performances. College athletics have attained an extensive popularity increase among Americans over the past few decades. This has resulted into increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA] and the participating colleges, which has fuelled the debate of whether or not college athletes should colle ct an income. College athletes should not be paid to playRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesShould College Athletes Be Paid to Play? The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) governs all laws regarding college sports under the Division I, Division II, and Division III conferences. Its sole purpose is to protect student-athletes on and off the field, and regulate all games and scholarships affiliated with the students. Right now there are 1,121 colleges and universities under the NCAA (NCAA, n.d.), leaving a chunk of schools out—those who do not participate in Division I, II,Read MoreCollege Athletes Should Be Paid1254 Words   |  6 PagesSome college athletic departments are as wealthy as professional sports teams. The NCAA has an average annual revenue of $10.6 billion dollars. College athletes should be paid because of the amount of revenue that they bring to their college. Each individual college should pay its athletes based on how much revenue they bring to the college in which they attend. The colleges that win their Division title, their Conference title, or the National championship, give bonuses to the Head coach of that

Native America and Astronomy Free Essays

To a great degree, the reading point to an aspect of the study of astronomy that many people might not be entirely familiar. That aspect is, of course, the contributions of the Navajo to the study of astronomy. This contribution has been largely ignored by many in the established scientific community in large part due to the fact that the concept of Navajo astronomy is more based on interrelation of what is discovered as opposed to a categorizing approach that does not integrate the discovered with the discoverer. We will write a custom essay sample on Native America and Astronomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consider the following: The concept of a dynamic integrated whole is important in Navajo cosmology and astronomy. The pattern of relationship is far more important than the identification, location and Greek or Arabic name of any individual star. The individual stars contribute to the significance of the whole. (Begay/Maryboy Navajo Astronomy) In other words, there is a concept of harmony and balance present in the concept of Navajo astronomy. The earth, stars, moon, etc are interwoven as parts of a whole known as the universe. In traditional approaches to astronomy, there is an almost centrist position that the earth is the center of the universe and that the moon and stars are dependent upon the earth. While this may sound like an odd ideology of exceptionalism, the reality is that this WAS the exact belief of astronomers at one point in history. Now, this does not mean that the barren moon is on equal parity of the earth, but it does acknowledge that the mere concept of earth centrist ideology can lead to a belief in pillaging the environment because there is limited acknowledgment that the other components of the universe help keep the earth in harmony. This is why it becomes important to read the more extensive work â€Å"Sharing the Skies† because it allows a more in depth look at the subject. Considering the complexity  of the subject, a lengthier work is required in order to develop a much more clear understanding. One of the more interesting aspects of â€Å"Sharing the Skies† is essentially the fact that the work points out that when one realizes that most astronomy is centered on a Western Civilization origin, one realizes that the concepts and definitions of astronomy lead directly to one culture. When one looks at different cultural explanations of astronomy, then an individual can gain an insight into the cultures of other peoples and nations. In Williamson’s â€Å"Native American Astronomy,† the reader discovers a bit more depth to the origins of Native American cosmology. It is important to present and define Native Astronomy in the manner that Williamson presents it because he re-establishes the fact that Native astronomy is a sphere of science and not the weird, New Age quasi-religion that it has become thanks to a number of hack writers who have flooded bookstores with dubious works. â€Å"Application to Astrology† ties much of the philosophy of Native Astronomy and earth studies into the component that conventional sciences ignore: the spiritual component. Again, this stresses the idea of interrelation between various parts of a whole. Since the spiritual can not be removed from the person and the person can not be removed from the earth, then it goes without saying that there is an interrelation between the human spirit and the earth. Both halves of the same idea compliment each other and compliment each other quite effectively. Bibliography Begay, David and Maryboy, Nancy C.Finding the Thunderbird in Navajo Astronomy. Bluff: Indigenous Education Institute, 2004. Begay, David and Maryboy, Nancy C. Sharing the Skies Bluff: Indigenous Education Institute, Date Unknown How to cite Native America and Astronomy, Essay examples

Fdrs Influence As President Essay Example For Students

Fdrs Influence As President Essay Fdrs Influence As PresidentSome have called him the best president yet. Others have even claimed that he was theworlds most influential and successful leader of the twentieth century. Those claims can be backed up by the overwhelming support that he received from his citizens throughout his four terms in office. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt began a new era in American history by ending the Great Depression that the country had fallen into in1929. His social reforms gave people a new perspective on government. Government was not only expected to protect the people from foreign invaders, but to protect againstpoverty and joblessness. Roosevelt had shown his military and diplomatic skill as the Commander in Chief during World War II. This wartime leadership and international relations policy won him an award in the hearts of many Americans. Roosevelt threw his hat in the ring in 1931 in order to prepare for the election of 1932. Democratic Party chairman James A Farley directed his campaign. He started a nationwide radio address, outlining a program to meet the economic problems of the nation. He coined the term forgotten man to mean all of those who had been hard hit by the evils of the depression. These radio addresses were the start to what he called the fireside chats. Overall, Roosevelt was the most energetic and dynamic candidate, and he was nominated by the party on the fourth ballot. Although he displayed excellent characteristics, his competition was fairly tough. He was up against John Nance Garner of Texas (who would be his Vice Presidential running mate);Newton D. Baker of Ohio, who was former Secretary of War; and former Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York. For three ballots, Roosevelt held a large lead, but lacked the two- thirds margin necessary for victory. Farley then promised John Garner the vice presidential nomination, which he accepted grudgingly. Then FDR took the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot. One of the purposes of the national convention is to bring the party together in a movement of support behind the nominated candidate. Although there was rough competition during the choosing process, most party leaders were happy with the Roosevelt choice. It would help pull votes from the urban-Eastern region of the country. Also, Roosevelt made a dashing introduction at the Chicago convention by being the firstnominee to ever write an acceptance speech. In this speech, he brought emotions from the audience in his last line, I pledge to you, I pledge to myself, to a new deal for the American people. During the November campaign against Hoover, Roosevelt suggested a few parts of the so called New Deal. He spoke of relief and public works money. He wanted todevelop a plan to cut agricultural overproduction. He was for public power,conservation and unemployment insurance. The repeal of prohibition and stock exchange regulation were also big items on his platform. However, other than the aforementioned items, Roosevelt was quite vague about other plans. He mentioned little about his plans for industrial recovery or labor laws. As much foreign policy experience as he had, he talked very little of it during the campaign. Many believe that he was simply trying to home in on the problems that the American public saw most prominent at the time. When it came to election day, Roosevelt was the only viable alternative to Hoover, who many blamed for the Great Depression, although critics argue that it was the presidents preceding the Hoover Administration. The outcome reflected this thinking: Roosevelt won 22,821,857 votes compared to Hoovers 15, 761,841. Roosevelt also won the electoral 472 to 59. The voters had sent large majorities of Democrats to both houses as well, which would enable Roosevelt to accomplish more by pushing through more bills. Roosevelts second election was in 1936. The Democratic National Convention re-nominated him by acclamation no vote was even taken. Vice President Garner wasalso nominated. The Republican opponents were Governor Alfred M. Landon ofKansas and Frank Knox, a newspaper publisher. Republicans, seeing Roosevelts overwhelmingpopularity, were reaching for a tomato to throw. They claimed that he had not kept his promise to the people to balance the budget. Roosevelt replied by pointing to theactions of fighting the depression and returning the nation to prosperity to precedence over the budget. As expected, Roosevelt won by a landslide. He received 27,751,491 popular votes and carried 46 states with 523 electoral votes. His opponent only received 16,679,491 popular votes and 2 states with 8 electorals. This reflected the nations confidence in the man and his leadership ability. However, the nation still had a long way to go. He stated in his inauguration address, I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, and ill-nourished. After another over-all successful term, Roosevelt ran again in 1940. The Democratic Party broke precedent with his re-nomination. There were some party members that felt it was unfair to elect him again, so his margins of popularity fell slightly. This time, he was not the only one up for the nomination. There was James Farley, who received 72 13/30 votes, previous Vice President John Nance Garner, receiving 61 votes; Millard Tydings of Maryland, receiving 9 1/2 votes; and Cordell Hull,former Secretary of State, who received only 5 2/3 votes. Secretary of AgricultureHenry A. Wallace was chosen as a Vice Presidential running mate. The Republicans nominatedWendell Wilkie of Indiana, a corporation president, to oppose the Roosevelt/Wallace team. The two candidates had some similar views. Wilkie supported Rooseveltsforeign policy and favored many New Deal programs already in effect. However, Wilkie opposed the controls that the Democratic Administration had put on business. To obtain more Republican support for this campaign, Roosevelt used his executive power of appointment to appoint two republicans to his Cabinet in 1940. The first was Henry L. Stimson for Secretary of War, who held the office under the Taft Administration. He also held the office of Secretary of State under President Hoover. Stimson replaced Harry Woodring who was regarded as isolationist. Rooseveltsprevious opponent who ran for as Vice President on the republican side, newspaper publisher Frank Knox, was placed as the Secretary of the Navy. The Republicans based their campaign on the tradition that no President had ever gone for a third term in succession. To counter this, Roosevelt put the spotlight on his administrations achievements. Because of the risky situation abroad, many felt that Roosevelts expertise was needed if war occurred. The election results were closer this time than the previous two times. Roosevelt received 27,243,466 popular votes and 449 electoral votes. Wilkie received22,334,413 popular votes and 82 electoral votes. When it was time for Roosevelts third term to end, he initially said he wanted to retire. However, he later declared that he felt it was his duty to serve if his country calledon him. Much of this feeling was based on the idea that it would be a bad thing for the country to change leadership in the middle of the war. Many of the presidents advisors felt he would not live through a fourth term, considering his heart disease, hypertension, and other cardiac problems. Because of his condition, the Vice President nomination forthe 1944 election was of utmost importance. Roosevelt was persuaded to drop Henry Wallace, whom many regarded as too liberal and emotionally unsuited to be president. Harry Truman of Missouri was chosen to fill the spot. Although Roosevelt receivedparty nomination on the first ballot, there were two other candidates: Harry Byrd (89 votes) and James Farleyagain (1 vote). The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey of New York for President and John Bricker of Ohio for Vice President. Again, their argument was term length. No President should serve for 16 years, they declared. The opposing argument by the Democrats was that no country should change horses in mid-stream. Roosevelt drove around the streets of New York City in a rainstorm and then made a speech to show thathis health was not a major issue. The election outcome was even slimmer this time, but Roosevelt still captured a hearty vote. Roosevelt received 25,602,505 votes and 432 electoral votes and his Republican opponent received 22,013,372 popular votes and 99 electoral votes. Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential campaigns continued to aid him after he entered the White House. Below are the four cabinets: FIRST TERM March 4, 1933-January 20, 1937 POSITION NAME/ STATE DATE OFINDUCTION Secretary of State: Cordell Hull, TN 3/4/33 Secretary of Treasury: William Hartman Woodin, NY 3/4/33 Henry Morganthau, Jr. My Best Friend Argumentative Essay The federal government would withdraw from the direct relief, leaving it up to state and local governments. A program of social reforms would also beincluded in the second half of the New Deal. This would include social security for the aged, unemployed and ill, as well as slum clearance and better housing. One of the first acts of the New Deal, Phase II was the Emergency Relief Act. By Executive Order, Roosevelt created three new relief agencies in 1935. The first wouldbe the Work Progress Administration (WPA), which would spend $11 billion on temporaryconstruction jobs. Schools, theaters, museums, airfields, parks and post offices were constructed as a result. This increased the national purchasing power. Another part of the Emergency Relief Act was the Resettlement Administration (RA). Its goals were to improve the condition of farm families not already benefiting from AAA, prevent waste by unprofitable farming operations or improper land use and projects such as flood control and reforestation. This agency also resettled poor families in subsistence homestead communities. These were basic suburbs constructed for the citys poor workers. Many times, these communities were known as greenbelt towns because of their proximity to open space. Two model suburbs were set up Greenbeltin Washington DC and Greenhills in Cincinnati. Another aid to the farmer was the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). Its goals were to provide electricity to isolated areas where private utility companies did not see it profitable to run lines and set up service. The year of 1935 brought with it numerous reform efforts. These were the final efforts of the New Deal before the nation geared up for war. Included in this was the National Labor Relations Act, whose most important function was to set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which monitored corporations to ensure worker rights and safety. The National Housing Act created the US Housing Authority (USHA) to administer low-interest 60-year loans to small communities for slum clearance and construction projects. This agency also gave subsidies to those landlords willing to offer low-income housing. A Revenue Act of 1935 capped off the New Deal with a tax onthe rich, and a tax break on the middle classmen. One of the most important and lasting effects of the Roosevelt Administration was his into push for the Social Security Act of 1935. This was an innovative plan that was supposed to lead to a nation-wide retirement system. It also established a cooperative federal-state welfare system/unemployment system. A tax was levied on theemployee, which was met dollar for dollar by the employer. This tax went into a special fund operated by the Social Security Administration. Later in life, when a person reached retirement, they could draw the money out of this account that they had placedin for the last few decades. The Supreme Court was fairly conservative, and attempted to shoot holes in many of Roosevelts New Deal Programs. It felt that Roosevelt had taken his legislative presidential power to recommend legislation too far, and that Congress was equally responsible for allowing him to usurp the powers for reasons of what Roosevelt claimed was a national emergency. In a statement made in May of 1935, one of the Supreme Court Justices announced that Congress had delegated virtually unfettered powers tothe Administration. something truly inconsistent with the constitutional prerogatives and duties of Congress. The Supreme Court even went as far as to strike the entire AAA program down, claiming that it violated states rights. FDR was infuriated at the actions of the Court. He thought of them as nine old men who were living in days gone by far too conservative to see the economic and social needs of today. He soon began to plan retribution, however in secrecy. Twodays after inviting the Justices to a formal social function at the White House, he called upon his staff to write up the Judicial Reform Act of 1937. Essentially, this document alleged that the Judicial Branch of the federal government was overwhelmed. The Act describeda desperate situation in which reform and recovery issues were not flowing through government on a timely basissimply because the Supreme Court was backed up. His answer to solve the dilemma was to use his executive power of appointment and place more Justices on the Court. Another section of the Act suggested that at age 70 (mostof the Justices were above this age), each Justice would be supplemented with an additionalJustice. This meant up to 15 Supreme Court Justices serving at one time. Roosevelt hoped to load the Court with social liberal Democrats who would not oppose his New Deal Programs. This became known as his Court Packing Scheme. The President can appoint Justices, however, they must be approved by Congress. After a long period of embarrassing debate, the Senate rejected Roosevelts proposal. This, in turn, caused Roosevelt to reject the Senate. He set out on a mission to purge theDemocratic party of the moderate type thinker, replacing him with the ultra-liberal. Roosevelt used his diplomatic and military powers in the later part of his Administration nearly as much as he used his executive and legislative powers in the first half. At the time Roosevelt took office, the nation was suprisingly isolationistic. This started in the late nineteenth century, and continued up to the Roosevelt Administration. When the Great Depression hit in the 1930s, America became even more concernedwith its own problems. However, seeing the importance of a global view and seeing the possible impact of World War II, Roosevelt directed the country toward nations abroad.Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a good neighbor. The phrase came to be used to describe the US attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under the policy, the United States took a stronger lead in promoting good will among these nations. The Platt Amendment of 1901 gave the US the right to intervene in the affairs of Cuba. In May of 1934, the government repealed this amendment. It also withdrew American occupation forces from some Caribbean republics, and settled long- standing oil disputes with Mexico. Roosevelt was the first to sign reciprocal trade agreements with the Latin American countries, including Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti and Nicaragua. In 1935, the US signed treaties of non-aggression and conciliation with six Latin American nations. This desire to spread ties across the Western Hemispheres led to reciprocal trade agreements with Canada. Roosevelt also used personal diplomacy by taking trips to various Latin American nations. In July, 1934, he became the first American president to visit South American inhis trip to Columbia. In 1936, he attended the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, in Buenos Aires. Roosevelt used his diplomatic power of recognition to resume trading between the Soviet Union and the US The recognition was given to the Soviet government in November of 1933. This was the first attempt at civil relations since the Russian Revolution in 1917. In 1933, for the first time in 16 years, the two nations exchanged representatives. In 1937, Japan, at war with China, attacked a US river gunboat, the USS Panay, on the Yangtze River, killing two US citizens. This event infuriated the American public as well as the Roosevelt Administration. However, the US protested the Japaneseaction rather than demanding action taken against them. Roosevelt used his diplomatic power and refused to recognize the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Northern Chinauntil there was an official apology. Shortly after Roosevelts statement, Japan made an officialapology to the US and offend to pay for the damages in full. Although Roosevelt set his sights upon a global society, many Americans disagreed. This school of thought led to the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s. These acts, passed by Congress, prohibited the US from furnishing weapons or supplies to anynation at war. President Roosevelt hoped that any more of these laws that would be enacted inthe future would allow more flexibility. He disliked the fact that these Acts treated all nations the same, whether a country had attacked another or not. World War II began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Still,many Americans did not agree that the situation was as dangerou

Gary Snider The American Poet Essay Research free essay sample

Gary Snider The American Poet Essay, Research Paper Gary Snider the American Poet A religious adult male, witting of nature and his milieus. He recognizes good and evil, and struggles to happen his ain particular topographic point in the kingdom of all other work forces. He searches far and broad for topographic points of involvement, upon reaching, he hopes to happen a grave sanctuary for adult male and nature. Gary Sherman Snyder, the boy of Harold and Lois Snyder, was born in San Francisco, California, on May 8, 1930. The Family moved rather a few times before they settled down in Portland, Oregon, in 1942. Snyder was granted a batch of freedom at a immature age, he was allowed to boost and bivouac on his ain. At 13, he was allowed to research the high state of the Cascade Mountains entirely ( Magill, Frank p.2668 ) . The lone experience turned into a absorbing relationship with nature. Snyder began his instruction in Portland at Reed College where he received his B. We will write a custom essay sample on Gary Snider The American Poet Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A. in Anthropology in 1951. Later that twelvemonth, he began to analyze linguistics and anthropology at Indiana University. Not desiring to compose a thesis to gain a Ph.D. Snyder left the University in 1952, and went to San Francisco to make odd occupations. While in San Francisco he decided he wanted to analyze Buddhism ( Magill, Frank p.2668 ) . He began to fix himself for a trip abroad by analyzing Oriental Culture and Languages from 1953, through 1956, at the University of California Berkeley. Snyder used his summers to work in Baker National Forest and Yosemite National Park ( www.english.uiuc.edu ) . While working in the woods he wrote some of his most celebrated poesy. In 1956, Snyder, goes to Japan on scholarship from the Firs Zen Institute of America. In Japan, he lived in the Zen Temple. A twelvemonth subsequently he began work on a oiler, as a wiper in the engine room. While on the ship Snyder continued to consist poesy. After his service on the ship he surveies Zen under Zen maestro Oda Sesso Reshi from 1959-65 ( www.english.uiuc.edu ) . Snyder is really witting of the environment and has traveled to many Universities to talk about wilderness issues. Snyder, is good known for his conversation talks but he has received more recognition for his poesy. Gary Snyder has 16 publications of which he has been a finalist for the National Book award, and he has won the followers: American Book Award for Axe Handles ( 1983 ) ; the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for Turtle Island ( 1974 ) ; the American Academy of Arts and Letters award, the Bollingen Prize, a Guggenhiem Foundation family, the Bess Hokin Prize, Levinson Prize from Poetry, the Robert Kirch Lifetime Achievement Award from the Los Angeles Times, and the Shelly Memorial Award. Since 1990, he has been a professor of English at the University of California, Davis ( www.poets.org ) . Gary Snyder has spent most of his life as a transient, going to the blue borders of the Earth. Snyder, did so for his personal repose. His interior peace with himself and nature is obvious in all of his poesy. Gary Snyder # 8217 ; s poesy will take any reader to the exact scene and province of head the poet was in when he compiled the verse form. Gary Snyder # 8217 ; s linguistic communication, images, and emotions make his book Riprap, a outward edge holiday in the Rocky Mountains. Snyder, wrote Riprap, while he was backpacking in the Rocky Mountains. Snyder chose this simple, crude life style as a personal protest against the modern promotions adult male makes that devistate the environment. By withdrawing to the forests Snyder, created his ain Utopia. # 8220 ; His Utopia remains a topographic point of societal bonds and values that work in an subjective manner, unsanctioned in an subjective manner, unsanctioned by any larger theological order ( Molesworth p. 34 ) . # 8221 ; The rubric verse form, and the last to look in his digest is # 8220 ; Riprap. # 8221 ; The verse form sums up his trip into nature. The verse form explores his spiritualty, emotions, and wise worldly beliefs. The verse form # 8220 ; Riprap, # 8221 ; has a particular construction that plays a major function in how the verse form is read and understood. The verse form construction has been keyed a # 8220 ; textual riprap. # 8221 ; The reader, will detect the text concept a way of imagination that allows the reader to travel on a ocular journey with Snyder. His spiritualty is expressed in the verse form when Snyder notices the arrangement of his milieus. The rocks each, # 8220 ; placed solid, by manus, : # 8221 ; The manus of something much greater than a mortal being. Gary Snyder # 8217 ; s spiritualty is alone and he expressed his beliefs by traveling to nature where he does non experience superior over any of nature # 8217 ; s creative activities. The emotions of Snyder is interpreted by the lines # 8220 ; These verse forms, people, lost ponies with dragging saddles and bouldery sure-foot trails. # 8221 ; He describes how he has been fifty ost, rolling in the forests, and even though he is tired and â€Å" dragging saddles, † he will go on to take on the trail. Snyder’s reference of weariness must be the ground he saved the rubric verse form for the last in his book. Snyder # 8217 ; s wide ecological apprehension has in bend given Snyder a great personal perceptual experience of how the universe is germinating. This can be highlighted on the concluding few lines. He knows that all of nature has a background whether # 8220 ; torture of fire and weight, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; Crystal and deposit linked hot. # 8221 ; Snyder, means all things grow and mature, bond with something attractive, become solid, so will decease or be broken down to go a portion of something new all together. Gary Snyder # 8217 ; s images and words paint a beautiful image in the heads oculus and besides gives the reader a opportunity to understand the development of nature, non the development of adult male. A position from another really popular verse form in Snyder # 8217 ; s repertory. # 8220 ; Axe Handles, # 8221 ; is the rubric verse form in the book Axe Handles. The verse form is a narrative autobiographical position of Snyder # 8217 ; s life. Snyder does this by adverting his graven images from his young person, and by mentioning to his boy. # 8220 ; Axe Handles, # 8221 ; indicates that all new things are sculpted by the old. Basically, their thought of the verse form is adult male takes clip to maturate. At first, adult male starts as an insignificant being, but over clip there is a edifice of character that is sculpted by wise mans and graven images. Snyder, refers to his boy desiring to copy him. Kai, the poets boy, is merely a hatchet caput lying dormant in the store. Kai, longs to be a tomahawk but Snyder explains that it will take clip to construct and the carpenter will hold to hold some sort of theoretical account to mention to. The deduction being that a male child learns to be a adult male from his male parent ( Murphy p.15 ) . Snyder is confident that Kai will go an axe every bit good. Gary Snyder recognizes his influence on how the axe grip will be shaped, and the casting of his boy into a adult male. Snyder recalls his young person, himself a hatchet caput in demand of a grip and finds the handle form in the poet Ezra Pound, the litterateur Lu Ji, and the college professor Shish-hsiang Chen ( Murphy p.15 ) . Snyder does non mention to his wise mans as a tomahawk but instead an axe. In his 1950ss, Snyder besides becomes an # 8220 ; axe, # 8221 ; complete in both maps as a # 8220 ; theoretical account # 8221 ; and as an instrument in the service of the # 8220 ; trade of civilization # 8221 ; ( Murphy p.15 ) . The first subdivision of Axe Handles is Loops, and # 8220 ; Axe Handles # 8221 ; is the first verse form to look in the book.. Loops is an interesting name for the subdivision of the book because the thought of a boy being shaped by his male parent and subsequently in life when he becomes a adult male and has a kid of his ain, where he in bend becomes a carpenter of character. Not merely does Loops mention to the circle of life, but there is a cringle in the book. # 8220 ; Axe Handles, # 8221 ; is besides found on the back screen of the book, thereby working as the beginning and the terminal of his aggregation ( Dean p.253 ) . Snyder # 8217 ; s verse form, represents how life is a drive that loops back on itself. Snyder shows his sensitive side in # 8220 ; December at Yase. # 8221 ; One of four verse forms dedicated to an ex-lover Robin. # 8220 ; December at Yase, # 8221 ; is published in The Back Country. The poet lets his emotions flow about himself turning older, his immature love for Robin, and the twosome # 8217 ; s interrupt up. Gary Snyder is full of graphic memories of that twenty-four hours when she chose to be free. Snyder describes it like a image, both of them on a hill side in tall dry grass near to an grove. Then the poet puts the scene into action with her quotation mark, # 8220 ; Again someday, possibly 10 years. # 8221 ; Next, a memory leap on the page, it is the first clip they meet after the interruption up. How awkward the clip when the two meet once more. Not much was said the love was so dead. Snyder came looking to win her cherished love, and so happened he was shot down like a dove. Merely in a dream, he can see her face. He hopes on twenty-four hours she will come to her topographic point. The passion and love # 8220 ; Return to my head, to my flesh. # 8221 ; He pleads they had what all other privation, and realizes he # 8217 ; s a sap for non desiring to be caught. The poet feels old now, as though he had # 8220 ; lived many lives. # 8221 ; He knows its his mistake for hungering grave clip. The love he neer knew, because the enigma of what # 8217 ; s beyond the blue. Possibly, one twenty-four hours they will happen each other once more, so he can happen out if that is what his # 8220 ; karma demands. # 8221 ; The emotions are existent and the wordss are perspiration. Snyder is absorbing, and has proved he is great. He floats on a cloud someplace difficult to see, and as an ageless hippie he is universe renowned. His thoughts are good but the universe can non decelerate down. He is a adult male who has made a difference and is still going around giving preservation seminars.

Millenium Dome,UK

Millenium Dome,UK Introduction:The UK government established the Millennium Experience Company (MEC) in 1996 to build and run the Millennium Dome. The Millennium Experience is a limited company governed by the companies' acts and wholly owned by the government.The dome was built on the Greenwich site, which was proclaimed as home of time to celebrate the new Millennium. It was also intended to go back into the history books alongside the great exhibition of 1851 which heralded the industrialization of Britain, and the festival of British of 1951, which captured the mood of national revival after the Second World War .The Dome is the largest structure of its kind in the world, over one kilometre in circumference, 50 meter high at the centre and covering over 20 acres of ground space. Though it was designed as a one year temporary structure, its life span could be extended to around 20 years by maintaining and replacing roof panels.The Millennium Dome at night, Sept 2000The Millennium Experience Company roped in ‚Â £750 million from national lottery money, private companies and other sponsorships.The dome was built to hold the millennium exhibition till the end of Dec 2000 and then to be sold to a private investor.The current Problem:Since the Millennium Dome was closed for visitors from 31st Dec, 2000, the Millennium Experience Company has been facing financial crisis in running the empty Dome. This is due to the reason that the MEC did not manage to find an appropriate buyer the end of year 2000 as it had planned.The MEC has been constantly under criticism form the opposition party and the general public for its mismanagement. The company has been spending huge amounts of taxpayer's funds into the maintenance of the Dome. The maintenance cost for the dome have significantly increased over a period of...

Research paper on Inferno Dantes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper on Inferno Dantes - Essay Example The mankind was badly immersed in the sins, vice and ignorance and it looked as if the Satan, himself has been unleashed on the Planet with Pope being the Anti Christ himself as foretold in the Holy Book. In these abominable conditions of Italy emerged Dante, the Italian poet of the middle ages. Dante is renowned for Divine Comedy and he added one of the greatest literary work to the field of literature, composed in the Italian language but later translated to the English Language. Taking a look at the ‘Divine Comedy’ written by Dante, it starts from Inferno which is a morbid and a gruesome excursion through her. The port talks and discusses the different stages of hell and sinners who committed various sins dwell on each of the levels, undergoing the punishment which perfectly matches the sin they had committed. Limbo, emerges as the first circle of hell does not depict torture of any form but rather stagnancy, a forever stop where the souls who never embraced the grace of the Church inhibit. This circle of hell is not exactly the form of torture, the souls will simply sit there, and that too for an eternity. These ‘virtuous pagans’ were not bad; they do not deserve the grace and the Supremacy of the Lord. So Dante, along with his poet guide Virgil, penetrate deeper in to the Hell, to discover more and then they find the shades they meet guilty of more severe sin. Each have greeted the perfect matched fate in Hell, each punished appropriately for the sins they have committed. The ice lake in the ninth circle of Hell, known as the Cocytus is the lake where the treacherous individuals are thrown into for eternity. Since Satan was himself the biggest treacherous, is damned to this very circle where he stays with his closest followers, who were able to successfully mimic his deadly sin when they walked on Earth. Cocytus has even rounds and the first round is known as the Caina, which was given the name after Cain of Bible. Cain was the fi rst ever human being to have committed a murder on Earth and he murdered his very own blood, his brother, Abel. Hence, those who were treacherous with their own family are damned to the first round. In this round, almost everyone who has sinned against their kin is damned to the icy lake of Cocytus, unable to move, unable to struggle. However this is contradictory to the notion of Satan burning and writhing with his followers in hell, searing in flames for an eternity. The reason why this set of damned have been frozen up to their faces in ice is because the burning of eternity can be viewed as lenient and an easy punishment, because fire is associated with light and warmth, the characteristics of God, his love and His Blessings. Hence this set of individuals has been damned to frigid ice because God wants to punish them in a way that can never be associated with him. These are the people who turned cold towards their own men and fellows on Earth have been punished in a way that the y failed to find companionship with other sinners as well. The second round is with people who were treacherous to their country, calling this round Antenora, which was named after Antenor of Troy who betrayed his city to the Greeks. Although the bond a n individual shares with his country is not as strong as the one he shares with his family, but the mere act of treachery can have adverse effects on the country and the countrymen, exposing them to hardships, severe

Evaluation of Website Outrigger Canoe Club Essay

Evaluation of Website Outrigger Canoe Club - Essay Example Site's visitors can read about history of the club, location, services provided and, after completing registration, access the membership-only area. Useful five-day local weather forecast placed on the front page is of great help for planning a club visit and outdoor sport activities. Very detailed information on general services and catering, club's hours of operation is provided. Besides, the policies, for instance dress code and no smoking and cell phones permitted areas, are outlined; Original old black and white photos as well as description of Outrigger Duke Kahanamoku Foundation adds flavor of historical tradition and creates feeling of sports spirit. The club, as mentioned, had many celebrity members, including famous Duke Paoa Kahanamoku and other sportsmen. The Dining and Hours of Operation sections partially repeat each other. As an improvement this information can be left in Dining section only. In addition, Dining section can be combined with Catering; To my mind, the "best thing" about the website is the nicely illustrated story of the Outrigger Canoe Club. It starts with club establishers and land lease from Estate of Quinn Emma. The story tells about the club's survival years between the fire in 1914 and reconstruction in 1941.

Recruitment plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recruitment plan - Essay Example Recruitment plan It is located near New York City right at the foothills of Blessed Valley Mountains. Sincere College is a reputable institution offering higher education by promoting teaching as well as learning based on curriculum formulated under strong liberal arts. To this account the institution is accredited by Middle States Commission dealing with Higher Education earning high honours for exemplary performance in arts. The institution’s curriculum emphasises on sciences, liberal arts, professional programs as well fine and performing arts within a learning and suitable living environment. Today, the institution is acknowledged for its academic excellence based on its interdisciplinary curriculum, intercultural understanding, international education and also experimental learning opportunities. Job Description: The qualified candidate will teach mainly in the faculty of business particularly in business ethics. Additionally, the candidate may teach required elective courses like perspectives of Business and the Society. Qualified candidates must have a doctorate in a business related field. However, candidates who have completed their dissertation with a stated date of completion will also be considered. Successful candidates must have some teaching experience from a college institution and research interests in the area of Business Ethics. Experience also in the private sector under a for-profit organization will be highly regarded. Candidates who will demonstrate to be in possession of commendable teaching experience will have an added advantage.

Globalisation Of Communication Curriculum

Globalisation Of Communication Curriculum Globalisation is a word used more often today than twenty or thirty years ago. Globalisation describes the increasing movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods and money across national borders (Eberlein 2011:15). When talking about globalisation people mostly refer to the political, economic and technological changes which they think makes the world function differently today than it did twenty or thirty years ago It is assured that higher education institutions are affected by globalisation and are being transformed on a day to day basis and is speeding up the process of interconnectedness. Most of the universities are internationally recognised and in touch and informed with what other universities across the world is doing (Marginson van der Wende 2006:4). According to Marginson and van der Wende (2006:4), globalisation is not a single or universal phenomenon. It is nuanced according to locality (local area, nation, world region); language(s) of use, and academic cultures; and it plays out very differently according to the type of institution. It is nearly impossible for single higher education institutions and countries to isolate themselves from other institutions across the globe because of the interconnected global environment. Globalisation has made it possible for institutions to be connected and visible to other institutions around the world through the medium of social networking and cell phones (Marginson van der Wende 2006:4). 3. Globalisation and Communication ICTin South Africa has developed faster than expected and it makes the mobility of learning easier and more accessible. ICTs has an increased influence on any society and this has resulted in the transformation in communication and sharing of information around the world (Bilas Franc 2010:105). Bilas and Franc (2010:105)say that ICT ensures a speedy flow of information at a low cost. Globalisation is changing the way we communicate to others and what we communicate. The University of Pretoria uses a website what we call Click-up, this site is used only by students and lecturers that are registered at the University of Pretoria. Lecturers have the opportunity to distribute their lecture notes and any other additional information with regards to their subject field or module on the website. The students can than access this website and download any notes and information they may require. It is also used as a communications tool for lecturers and students. The lecturers can communicate with students by posting announcements on their particular subject of module link. Students can also communicate with fellow students by commenting on a specific module link and also so with the lecturers. This is a fast and effective way of communicating between lecturers and fellow students and the sharing of information. I myself would be lost without Click-up and I find this website very convenient and easy to use and as mentioned earlier it is a source where inf ormation is sent fast and at a low cost. 4. Globalisation and Curriculum Curriculum means to study a few different subjects in one course either during school or at university level. Globalisation has a major effect on curriculum in terms of the course content and subject content. It has impacted the curriculum polies to an extent where lifelong learning is an important factor in the Outcomes Based Education (OBE) system. Ngubane (2008:17) says that the global economic dynamic desires to make education systems even more receptive to the goals of a global world through reviving human capital theory as a key ingredient of instrumentalist education. She says that with new developments taking place, the education system needs to keep up to date on a daily basis because of the impact of globalisation. Therefore the education policy must be of such dynamic structure so that it can restore itself (Ngubane 2008:15). The globalisation concept is promoted by the speed of education development, number of skilled citizens and number of trained academics. This means that certain effects of globalisation are responsible for the changes in the education system. To keep up with global change, the education system, tools, methods and structures must follow economic trends. Globalisation has changed the world and increased the international understanding between people by bringing them together from across the globe (N gubane 2008:16). In relation to what is said above, there are four key transformations associated with the effects of globalisation. One of the key transformations is accreditation and universalization. This means that an institutions accreditation serves the purpose of: assisting with state funds, providing loans and bursaries and when ease-transfer becomes helpful to students who wish to move from one institution to another (Ngubane 2008:20). At the University of Pretoria they have a policy where funds are available to assist students with access to state funds. Student finance is available to students who have difficulty to pay intuition fees up front. A student can apply for a student loan from the university or they can apply for a bursary to help lift the burden temporarily. At the University of Pretoria they also have a programme where exchange students have the opportunity to visit and learn possible new skills at the university for a certain period of time to see how we in South Africa operate in relation to their own home country. When students wish to transfer from one institution to another they will get full recognition and credit for the courses that they have already done and passed 5. Globalisation and Culture It is said that the global situation is in the process of change and that a New World Order will affect all humanity and developing countries. Cultural ideas and images can be transported from one end of the earth to the other end in an instant, wirelessly and through satellite technology. Because of this, diverse culture groups in different countries are brought together faster at an alarming rate. This is what globalisation means, being connected to the rest of the world through the internet and technology (Sijuwade 2006:125). Sijuwade (2006:125) says that: Part of the process of globalization is the need to develop a culture that, in some broad way, can transcend diverse economic, ethnic, political, racial, and religious backgrounds. A teacher is appointed to equip all learners with the skills, knowledge and values to resolve cultural and social conflicts that may arise amongst them peacefully and to respect each others culture and traditions in order to become responsible citizens of South Africa (Power 2000:7). Culture changes on a daily basis, from traditions to religions. South Africa is a very diverse country with eleven official languages which makes it a unique country. It is important for all South African citizens to be language and culture sensitive. During my experience at university it is clear that there are a lot of diverse culture groups being brought together as one Rainbow Nation. Seeing all these different groups is defiantly a new experience for me. I went to an Afrikaans-speaking medium school in Pretoria and the majority of the children there were white speaking Afrikaners. Today I get to participate in a whole new culture. Global forces are increasing populations and mixing all cultures, this has forced people to learn to live together and to celebrate difference as a fact of life (Power 2000:3). Cultures and traditions have changed over the past several years in relation to dress codes and eating habits. A practical example will be the Indian people, their culture has w esternised so much in the sense that they do not dress the way they would have 20 years ago. The Indian culture at varsity has modernised. They come to varsity dressed in jeans and t-shirts; they dont wear their traditional saris anymore and its the same with the African culture, they dont wear their traditional African outfits anymore. This means that we are moving into a new culture where everybody dresses of the same nature, we are all of one rainbow nation, united as one. 6. Conclusion In South Africa education is being shaped and influenced by the global market economy. It is changing the curriculum in schools and tertiary institutions. The staffing of a school is dependant by the number learners enrolled into that particular school for that particular year, when the teacher-learner ratio is exceeded, teacher are forced to be transferred. As said before, it is evident that the South African education system is shaped and influenced by the forces of globalisation (Ngubane 2008:24).

vampires :: essays research papers

Vampires True vampires possess different characteristics, powers and weaknesses than the fictional vampire. The outward appearance is only slightly different to that of a human, their eyes are usually larger and more defined with long lashes. Their features are often pointed; the females and males are slender. This helps hide their inhuman strength; therefore their opponents almost always underestimate them. All vampires are attractive; because of this vampires are almost always hunted by the same sex, to help prevent the hunter from forming an emotional attachment with their intended victim. Vampires are in a sense immortal. They cannot die of old age and are always in their prime at around 20 – 30 years of age (physically). They are immune to almost any diseases and poisons and cannot spread a disease from one human to another. They can recover from most wounds; a new vampire might take three days to recover from a wound that would take an older vampire three minutes. Vampires can of course be killed if the wound is large enough that they will die before they have time to heal, this means that old vampires are almost impossible to kill as they heal almost instantaneously All vampires are extremely strong generally the older they get the stronger, faster and smarter they get. Age is not everything in the power department; the quantity of self-discipline and will power the vampire has limits the force it can gather. The powers/abilities that the average vampire has are: - Weaponry, All vampires have an affinity with weapons, they can pick up almost any weapon and use it effectively, young or new vampires are trained in weaponry and martial arts. Vampires usually become an expert in one or two weapons. Vampires are the best assassins but aren’t used very often because they aren’t easily found and the reluctance of the seeker because of the misconception that the vampire will kill them, and then ask about the job proposition, when it would actually happen the other way around, in most circumstances. - Vampires are stronger and faster than any other known species, even Elves who are widely thought of as the fastest and strongest sentient creatures that still exist. Some common misconceptions about vampires are: - Sunlight is traditionally a way to kill a vampire. This is partly true, vampires are allergic to sunlight, especially young vampires, the reaction lessens the older and more experienced the vampire becomes.

Money Is the Root of Evil Essay

Money is the root of evil It could be said that money is one of the greatest inventions of mankind, which affects and changes wide and deep whole human society. It occurred when people had demand to exchange merchandise. Together with the process of development of society, money changed from too simple to complex and sophisticated forms to meet people’s needs in settlement. In its dawn, money was very simple things such as shells, fur and salt etc. When metal was discovered; iron, bronze, silver and gold were used in turn as the role of money. And now, we can use coins, note, card, and check and letter of credit etc. to buy goods in supermarket, pay water, electricity bills or even to settle imports. Money – even of its forms – this is a general parity object, does the role as means in settlement of merchandise and services. Doing the role of intermediary instrument in settlement, money contributes to the development of human society quickly in two aspects: economy and culture. As we know, money made exchange of goods more quickly and conveniently than any direct exchange way; since then trading industry came out into society and developed. In cultural aspect, the most typical features of an ethnic group or a nation will be chosen to make signs on money so by regarding money; we can see the basic features of an ethnic group or a nation. Specially, in our global time, money can be moved very easily between almost nations, it makes cultural exchange more advantageous. How do people think about money? There is a truth that many people value money too high, they think money is all and believe that â€Å"money is a passport to anything†. So they can do anything, even immoral and illegal things in order to have money. Robbers are ready to kill others cruelly for some tens of thousands of dong. Traders are ready to cheat in commerce to appropriate more money. Officials, who have large power and influence on society, themselves trample on their honor, others’ interests, their nation’s future etc. to take dirty money. With those evil acts, they make people believe that money is a cause of evil. Although there are many bad acts related to money; I always think that money couldn’t be the root of evil, money is just a victim of some people’s greed. Some people, with cruel and greedy character, did anything to have money; but is it true that their purpose is only about money? No, I don’t think so. I believe that their last aim is about things money can bring to them. So the deep reason of evil in society is cruelty and greed. It means people must bear full responsibility for their evil and they can’t blame anyone or anything. Until now, money is just a means in settlement.

The eNotes Blog Fantasy Books for a Fantasy Land LA Times Festival of BooksHighlights

Fantasy Books for a Fantasy Land LA Times Festival of BooksHighlights This past weekend thousands- yes, thousands- of literature lovers descended upon the University of Southern California’s campus to celebrate 2012’s LA Times Festival of Books. In its second year at the USC location, the event proves that Los Angeles isn’t the pariah of the book world that many would make it out to be. In fact, the topics of several of its many panels and interviews seemed to reflect back on the unique surreality of Los Angeles itself; after all, what better place to discuss monsters, vampires, horror, fantasy, and all out bizarreness than in a land propagated by pure fiction itself? Besides the talks on California literature, discussions on progressing from page to screen, and the multitude of autobiography-toting celebrities stalking the grounds, a couple of panels delved deeper into the correlation between fiction and Los Angeles. One was Sunday’s â€Å"Whimsical Visions† panel, where surrealist writers Amelia Gray, Etgar Keret, Sara Levine, and Ben Loory converged. They talked about their preference for writing outlandish, fantastical elements in their stories. Keret said, â€Å"If you meet a girl and kiss her, and it feels like you’re floating in air, then why not write about floating in air? It’s a real feeling, and a real experience.† It’s the kind of theory that seems to fit into a city that makes no apologies for not grounding itself in reality. The name Los Angeles is synonymous with movies, of course, so their omnipresence at an LA-based book fair is still felt. Interestingly, one upcoming movie is less an adaptation of a single book than it is a 21st-century take on the collected works and life of Edgar Allen Poe. John Cusack was at the festival to speak about â€Å"The Raven†, which opens in cinemas this Friday. For any who haven’t seen the trailer, the movie follows Poe (Cusack) as he helps detectives try to catch a serial killer bent on torturing his victims in the style of the writer’s own stories. (Think â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†- eek.) When asked what he did to prepare for the role, Cusack said that he read all of Poe’s work, which for him was, â€Å"like going into a nightmare, in a way.† Leave it to Hollywood to turn the bookish inventor of the detective novel into an action star. However, Cusack did promise that avid Poe fans would not be disappointed by the film’s inclusion of specific details and fun tidbits from the writer’s life. Lastly, another panel bent on the fantastical included none other than writers Melissa de la Cruz, Seth Grahame-Smith, Deborah Harkness, and Richard Kadrey. The conversation, titled â€Å"Fiction: Bump in the Night,† covered popular culture’s penchant for zombies, vampires, and monsters. And when these authors talk about their monsters of choice, they’re speaking about much more than a spook hiding under the bed. For Grahame-Smith, the vampires in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Slayer (also being released as a movie) represent slavery; â€Å"They steal your life force to enrich themselves. That’s what slavery is.† De La Cruz, author of the popular occult series â€Å"Witches of East End† reasons why we need fantasy-horror in our lives: â€Å"Ten thousand years ago, we had to kill our food, fight cave dwellers and sabre-tooth tigers. Life was scary. Now we have Wi-Fi everywhere. But we still have that physical need to feel threatened, it’s a reaffirmation of life.† Kadrey said in the same panel, crime and horror is the literature of permission. His thoughts of indulgence bring me back to why the fantasy and surrealist authors present at this years festival seem so pertinent to Los Angeles. The city is pretty overlooked as a literary destination, and yet so much of fiction exists because readers and authors choose to revel in a facade, to escape reality. If LA is the land of the unreal, of the surreal, perhaps it is much more of a literary hub than we give it credit for.

Albert Einstein Enlightened The World With His Innovation †Physics Research Paper

Albert Einstein Enlightened The World With His Innovation – Physics Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Albert Einstein Enlightened The World With His Innovation Physics Research Paper Albert Einstein, a brilliant scientist, enlightened the world with his innovative ideas. Even though he didn’t get good grades in school, he still became one of the greatest scientific minds in history. Since he invented so many new theories and ideas, he revolutionized the world of science. Albert Einstein moved quite a bit when he was young. On March 14, 1879 Albert Einstein was born, and a year later he moved to Munich, Germany (â€Å"Einstein, Albert†). At seven years old Einstein started school in Munich, Germany. Before he went to school he got religious lessons at home in which he learned Judaism (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.groups.dcs). Then in 1895 Albert’s father’s, business failed and the Einstein’s moved to Milan, Italy. Einstein, still in his teenage years, stayed behind to finish his schooling, but he got expelled and had to go back with his family. When Albert was older he moved to Switzerland and got citizenship there. He was hoping to be an electrical engineer at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. Unfortunately he failed the examination test (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.groups.dcs). While Einstein was at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, Germany he hated it. The German spirit that was there and their strict discipline policy disgusted Albert. He studied the Bible at home, but he lost interest in religion when he found that he liked science and math better (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.collegetermpapers.com). Einstein played the violin from ages six to thirteen (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.groups.dcs). Young Albert hated practicing just like anyone else, but he soon found a good reason for playing scales and exercises. It was found in the work of Mozart. Albert loved his music and wanted to be able play his music (Oldfield 3). When Einstein was young he didn’t like sports and he didn’t play with the other boys. Instead he put together jigsaw puzzles, built card towers, played with mechanical toys, and studied nature. He loved to learn and was fascinated by science and math. One time when Albert was sick in bed his father gave him a compass. The young boy asked, â€Å"Why does the needle point north?† Hermann, his father, didn’t know the answer even though he was a well-educated adult (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.goldenessays.com). Albert asked many questions and deliberately talked slowly because he always stopped think. Because he was so different his governess nicknamed him â€Å"Pater Langweil† which means father bore (Oldfield 2). Both sides of Einstein’s family had lived in Germany for more than a century. Einstein’s father was Hermann Einstein. He had a black mustache and was calm and friendly. Pauline Koch was Albert’s mother. The Koch’s and the Einstein’s usually made money by selling cloth, farming, and clerking in banks. For fun they would go boating down the Danube river and walk in the woods. Albert Einstein’s family had great musical talent. Pauline, Einstein’s mother, was an excellent pianist and loved to play Beethoven’s piano sonatas. Albert’s younger sister, Maja, was born when Albert was two years old (Oldfield 3). Having a strong physical resemblance and a great deal in common, Albert and Maja were close throughout their lives. Maja also played the piano very well and probably played duets with Albert. When Maja was older she married a man by the name of Paul Winterler. Jakob was Einstein’s brother, but little is known about him (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.goldenessays.com). The family physician’s brother, Max Talmey, was a close family friend. Often he would come and eat dinner with the Einstein’s. One day Mr. Talmey introduced Albert to the People’s Books on Natural Science. Einstein loved the books and as he read and studied them, he learned more about the world around him. Albert also had an uncle who taught him the basics of Algebra and his teaching methods helped Albert learn quickly and thoroughly (Oldfield 3). In the early 1900’s Einstein started his own family. Einstein married his university sweetheart Mileva Maric who was a mathematician. The family consisting of Einstein, Mileva, his sons Eduard, and Hans Albert moved to Berlin in 1914. Mileva wasn’t happy with life in Berlin and moved to Switzerland. Due to the separation, Mileva and Albert got a divorce. After the divorce Einstein lived with his great uncle and later married his second cousin Elsa Lowenthal (â€Å"Einstein, Albert†). When he married his second cousin his Jewish roots were renewed. He became a supporter of Zionism and because anti-Semitism was getting bigger in Germany, Einstein became a large target for prejudice. Rumors were even being spread about groups plotting to kill Albert (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.collegetermpapers.com). Around the early 1920’s Albert received the Nobel Prize of Physics. Einstein gave his ex-wife Mileva the $45,000 prize money to help support her. His oldest son, Hans Albert, liked his father and thought he was a good man. Hans Albert saw his father quite a bit and enjoyed his company. Eduard, his youngest son, began reading Shakespeare at age 5. He lived with his mother, Mileva until she died (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.goldenessays.com). Due to all the studying and research he had done, Albert Einstein was a master Physicist. One of the biggest things he came up with was the Theory of Relativity. He got many awards for it and it was probably his greatest accomplishment. The theory says that the laws of physics had to have the same form in every place they were. It also said that the speed of light was the same everywhere. In it he also proposed that mass and energy were equal. In 1919 the British started studying solar eclipses and what they found confirmed the Theory of Relativity. A newspaper called The London Times ran a headline that read, â€Å"Revolution in science-New Theory of the Universe-Newtonian ideas overthrown.† They were just one of the many newspapers that put Einstein’s theory on their front page (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.groups.dcs). Einstein’s Theory of Relativity didn’t earn him the Nobel Prize. The committee over the Nobel Prize didn’t mention anything about Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, but said, â€Å"For your photoelectric law and your work in the field of theoretical physics† (â€Å"Einstein, Albert†). Even though he’d earned the prize he wasn’t around to receive it because he was in Japan. He also earned the Copey Medal of the Royal Society in 1925 and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1926 (â€Å"Albert Einstein,† www.groups.dcs). Although Albert Einstein didn’t play a direct role in the making of the Atomic Bomb, his formula, E=mc2, set the course for it. Einstein was a pacifist and didn’t like war. When he heard that the bomb was going to be used against Japan he wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, begging him not to use it. The President ignored him and the bomb was dropped. After the war had ended Einstein said, â€Å"The war is won, but the peace is not,† (Albert Einstein www.collegetermpapers.com). Albert Einstein died, due to natural causes, on April 18, 1955 when he was 76 years old (Einstein, Albert). Albert Einstein was a brilliant scientist who enlightened the world with his many new ideas. Einstein is one of the most brilliant men in the history of the Earth. He was a good person and didn’t approve of violence or war. His theories, ideas, and formulas have had an awesome affect on mankind. 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Homicides are most often committed with guns Essay

Homicides are most often committed with guns - Essay Example It was established that the person had chosen the handgun to wield power, because of its availability and ease of access. Although, most of the firearms owned by the people are long guns, all the same, most homicides are committed with handguns, rather than long guns. Handguns are the most preferred weapons in homicides and homicide and handgun ownership are associated with each other. A study conducted in Seattle and Vancouver revealed that handguns are frequently used in homicides. These two cities have similar demographic characteristics, but the number of handguns owned in Seattle, is much higher than that in Vancouver. Not surprisingly, the chances of being killed are five times more in Seattle than in Vancouver. Per se, owning a handgun is very common in the US (Iadicola & Shupe, 2003. Pp. 106 – 107). Handgun ownership has been on the increase, since 1960. The reasons for this trend had been identified as rapid urbanization, increase in new households and wealth. People who already owned guns had purchased even more guns. In addition, several people had chosen to own guns in response to the growing crime in the society. In many incidents, people who previously did not have guns had purchased guns to feel secure from crime. Thus, a higher number of handguns were purchased for self – defense reasons. Some argue that there is a positive association between gun ownership and crime rates. Interestingly, the crime rates had a greater influence on the increase in gun ownership, whereas the latter had not influenced the former in any way (Kleck, 1991). On the other hand, long guns are owned for recreational purposes by most of their owners. They are seldom used in crimes. Handgun ownership has increased rapidly, and this has brought about an increase in crime rate. The increase in such ownership was found to be less among the public, who were nonviolent and non-criminals. Moreover, criminals and violent people were unreported and unrepresented in surveys

Tata Group Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tata Group - Research Paper Example The overseas company was established in London. It was known as Tata Limited. In order to achieve this accomplishment, Tata Group invested in a hotel in 1902 (Paul & Kapoor, 2008). Through the establishment of ‘The Indian Hotels Company’, Jamsetji Tata was able to build ‘Taj Mahal Palace Hotel’ which became functional in 1903. Within a few years of investment, the hotel business was able to accumulate profit that was used to expand operations outside India (Witzel, 2010). Tata also started investing in ironworks by establishing ‘Tata Iron and Steel Company’ and used the profits to expand to other countries. The company maximized on profits by minimizing on wages and proper utilization of resources. For them to be able to expand, it was crucial for the company to take such action. Tata Group did business with countries such as England, China, Britain and Japan. The host governments demanded the investments. This is because the business brought about major economic benefits for the host countries. For example, Tata Group was able to contribute to taxes in the host countries. These taxes became a source of revenue that was used to improve the economic state of the host countries (Paul & Kapoor, 2008). Moreover, Tata group was able to utilize labor provided by the host countries. The economic benefit that came out of this is that people in the host countries were able to secure employment opportunities hence improving their livelihoods. Host countries also demanded the investment due to the benefits that they were bound to receive through infrastructure. Tata Group was definitely going to improve the infrastructure in the areas that they would operate. Nonetheless, they would receive ready market for their exports through trading with India. Countries highly regard trading since it is a major source of foreign exchange. The investment also co ntributed to technological

Language and Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Language and Literacy - Essay Example There seems to be no agreement as to when language was first used by humans. Some estimates date as far back as two million years ago, during the time of Homo habilis, while others date as recent as forty thousand (40,000) years ago, during the time of Cro-Magnon man. What is unarguably clear, however, is that language development is a continuous process affected by several social factors and that most contemporary human languages are a blend of several primitive ones. One main feature of human language is arbitrariness of symbols and sounds. A symbol or sound only needs to be attached to a particular concept or meaning, or even applied to the rules of grammar and becomes a part of the language. For instance, while the word 'nada' is conceptualised to mean nothing in the Spanish language, for Croatian speakers, it means 'hope' (Hudson, 2000). Through the course of this essay, I shall attempt a discourse of the various social factors that come into play in language, within the context of literacy development. In this regard, three students currently undertaking a basic skills "Brush Up Your English" course at Halton College will be used as case studies. After a brief analysis of what has been said and researched on the impact of social factors on language development, I will give a brief account of the backgrounds of the three students in this group, before examining how the duo of region/geography and gender (two main social factors) have affected language development and literacy in these students. Language and Social Factors Sociolinguistics are social sciences that consider the interactions between languages and society as a whole. It is an established body of knowledge that studies language on a social basis. Thus, it involves an interest in interaction, variability and diversity in language (Deumert, 2005). Or as described by Trask (1999), it is "the study of variation in language, or more precisely, the variation within speech communities." (Trask, 1999, p.283). This field of interest only dates back to the 1950s, this perhaps explain why most of the social influences on language development are still not fully comprehended. Within the Sociolinguistics school, there are two broad approaches to language variation; prescriptivism and descriptivism. Prescriptivists tend to be found among the ranks of language educators and journalists, and not in the actual academic discipline of linguistics. They hold clear notions of what is right and wrong and tend to advocate what they consider as 'correct' use of language according to set rules (Hudson, 2000). Describing this school of thought, Thorne (1997) states that "it is associated with formal written and spoken language and is used in dictionaries, grammar books and language handbooks." (p.92). To further buttress this point, Thorne (1997) cited the example of the original version of the National Curriculum for schools' emphasis on Standard English (SE) being taught as "the language of wide social communication and was generally required in formal contexts" (p.138). Descriptivists, on the other hand, do not accept the prescriptivists' notion of "incorrect usage." They prefer to describe such variance as 'non-standard'. Thus, they see Standard English as "only one variety among manylinguistically speaking it can not legitimately be

Text Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Text Linguistics Essay Module I. Classificationally meaningful characteristics of the text as an integral and independent object of investigation. Lecture 6. Conceptual variability of linguistic interpretations of the text essence and status and their reflections in the models of the text descriptions. Problem for discussion Evolution of the text description approaches. Models of the text descriptions. Grounds for the chosen models and schemes of the text descriptions as a scientific object. It has already been mentioned that despite the fact that there are many publications devoted to problems of text linguistics. There does not exist an adequate definition of the text that would find satisfaction with all researchers. The difficulties that arise when trying to work out an universally acceptable definition of the text can be explained by the fact that scholars study the text in its various aspects : grammatical, stylistic, semantic, functional and so on. The text can be studied as a product ( text grammar) or as a process (theory of text). The text-as-a-product approach is focused on the text on the text cohesion, coherence, topical organization, illocutionary structure and communicative functions; the text-as-a-process perspective studies the text production, reception and interpretation. Text can be understood as an instance of (spoken or written) language use ( an act of parole) , a relatively self-contained unit of communication. As a â€Å"communicative occurrence† it meets seven criteria of textuality (the constitutive principles of textual communication): cohesion, coherence, intentioanality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality and three regulative principles of textual communication: efficiency, effectiveness and approapriateness.(cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981, Maljaer 1991) 1. Regular Principles of Textual Communiction. The principle of efficiency requires that a text should be used with a minimum effort hence the use of plain ( stereotyped and unimaginative)  language. Which, however booring and unimpressive, is easy to produce and comprehend. In contrast, effectiveness presumes leaving a strong impression and the creation of favourable conditions for attaining a communicative goal; this presupposes the use of creative ( original, imaginative) language which, however effective, may lead to communicative breakdown. The principle of appropriateness attempts to balance off the two above mentioned principles by seeking an accord between the text setting and standards of textuality. Common text features. Some common text features found in books are Table of Contents, Glossary, Index, Bold Words, Headings and Titles, Maps, Diagrams, Illustrations and Charts. Why is Understanding Text Features an important reading strategy? Text Features help us to identify the big ideas and topics that the author is focusing on. Visual text features such as maps and charts help to support the information the author presents in the text. How do we use text features to help us understand what we are reading? Before reading, preview the kinds of text features throughout the book. Think about what the big ideas the author wants you to remember. Make sure to read captions Functional Classification  The functional classification identifies illocutionary text types according to the type of the dominating illocutionary act (see 10.2): representative or assertive type (e.g. research reports, public notices, administrative texts, weather forecasts, diaries, CVs, lectures), directive type (e.g. commands, orders, invitations, instructions, directions, giving advice), expressive type (e.g. apologies, thank-you notes, greeting, condolences, compliments, toasts, congratulations), commissive type ( e.g. promises , pledges, swears, offers, vows, contracts, bets), declarative or performative type (e.g. , nominations, appointments, dismissals, accussations: I find you guilty as charged, marriage ceremonies, testaments, certificates). Texts viewed from this perspective satisfy diverse communicative needs of the society members. Situational Classification  The situational classification sorts out texts according to the sphere of activity (e.g., private, official or public, such as a private letter, a  letter addressed to an institution) and form of communication (dialogical and monological, spoken and written texts). Strategic Classification  The strategic classification deals primarily with the topic and the ways of its expansion 9 the term slohove postupy is used in Slovak stylistics to denote macrocompositional principles, cf. Mistrik 1997): narrative, descriptive, and argumentative.

Plyometric Exercises and Their Benefits for Football Players

Plyometric Exercises and Their Benefits for Football Players The benefits of polymetric exercises for soccer players and the  importance of when in a training session these type of exercises should  be implemented. Introduction The subject of exercise and physiology is a broad topic. Researchers have known for many years that exercise benefits the body in various ways and there is not a practicing physician anywhere that does not recommend it to his/her patients. But the actual effects of exercise on a person’s ability to perform an activity are not well understood. Whether the increase in ability to perform is due to what is known as â€Å"muscle memory†, increased muscle mass, or simply based on repetitive motion is hard to determine in a quantitative sense. In the next few pages a case will be made for what are known as polymetric exercises specifically for increased soccer playing ability. In order to explore the subjects of exercise and kinesiology it is necessary to have an adequate amount of background information beforehand therefore before delving directly into the core subject matter, a few general principles will be discussed to provide a framework of thinking for the remainder of the paper. A few principles that are crucial to the understanding of the effects of polymetric exercise are muscle physiology, various exercise regimes, and finally the basics of polymetrics and why they work. Muscle Physiology The human body is made up of hundreds of muscles from the most minute (i.e. the muscles that close your eyelid) to very large conspicuous muscles (quadriceps, gluteus maximus, etc.). The large muscles are generally the ones that human beings â€Å"train† to become stronger and more adept, however all muscles have the same basic structure. Each muscle is made up of a series of strands of tissue known as muscle fibers. These fibers work together as one large unit to form what we know as muscle groups. The major muscle groups that most people know about and understand the location of are the bicep brachi(biceps),pectoralis major (pecs), quadriceps femoris (quadriceps), and rectus abdominas (abs). These groups are the major muscle groups that people tend to â€Å"workout or train† in order to lose weight or tone up and are the muscles with which the majority of the population is most familiar with. While a working knowledge of the major muscle groups is sufficient for the everyday layperson going to the gym, to really understand what is involved in the build up of muscle mass and the accumulation of what is known as â€Å"muscle memory† it is necessary to understand what is going on at the cellular level. Muscle cells work together with the nerves to perform actions. The body’s nerves create an electrical impulse triggered by a potassium gradient which then stimulates the muscle cells into action. Even though this entire process takes much less than a second, there are still ways of maximizing the efficiency and output of the muscle cells. Some of the muscle cells are part of what are known as fast twitch muscle fibers and others are part of slow twitch muscle fibers. These concepts will be discussed more in the next section. Fast twitch versus slow twitch muscles Experts usually split muscles into two general groupings or types. The first type is called fast twitch muscle fiber. Fast twitch muscles are the muscles that react quickly to stressors (ie sprinting, jumping, or punching). The fast twitch fibers are usually what are termed the â€Å"shorter† muscle fibers. Even though the actual physical length of the fibers are no different from the â€Å"longer† or slow twitch muscle fibers, the term short refers to the type of energy they use and the types of activities that these muscle fibers are suited best for. Fast twitch muscle fibers are better suited for activities that require quick movements for short amounts of time. For instance, sprinters build up fast twitch muscle fibers, so do boxers, and to an extent soccer players do as well (Vannatta 2002). These muscle fibers are powered by â€Å"quick or fast† energy which is provided by ATPs produced by carbohydrates. In order to build up these fast twitch muscles specif ic types of exercises work best. General exercises (jogging, weight training, calisthenics) will build the muscle fibers up to a certain point, especially if this is the first activity in a while or ever for that matter. However, once a reasonable level of fitness is achieved it begins to get harder to realize increased fast twitch muscle enhancement. It is due to this new plateau of difficulty that researchers have developed different types of exercises to specifically address the fast twitch muscle fibers (Pollock et al 1998). There are several different types of exercises that can be used to overcome fast twitch muscle fiber plateaus. These exercises employ techniques that capitalize on movements that require quick employment of energy. A few examples of exercises would be anything that requires jumping, dexterity drills, or footwork drills. All of these exercises increase the muscle memory of the fast twitch muscle fibers. Muscle memory is defined as the tendency for muscles to â€Å"remember† or acquire a propensity for the motions of a specific action. This is due to a muscle’s direct feedback mechanism connected with growth. Once a muscle is stressed and the stressor is removed, the muscle takes time to recover. Depending on the amount of stress, the muscle can take varying amounts of time to recover. Also, once the muscle is stressed it will not only recover to the original state of the muscle but it will increase its resistance to stressors to the point of the initial stress event (Rhe a et al 2003). In other words, once the muscle fiber is torn by work (ie exercise) it will repair itself to a point where it can resist the same type of exercise stress again later and in the process builds up an increased muscle mass. It’s the accompaniment of muscle memory exercises and the increased resistance to stressors that leads to the abolishment of a fast twitch muscle fiber performance plateau. While fast twitch muscle fibers rely on quick use of energy, slow twitch or long muscle fibers require the use of sustainable energy found in slower burning sources such as protein and fats. These muscle fibers are better suited for types of activities that require muscle endurance. Slow twitch muscle fibers are responsible for activities such as long distance running, rowing, and cycling. Long muscle fibers must be equipped with the stamina needed for endurance events, as well as be able to work in conjunction with the fast twitch muscle fibers for quick bursts of speed. No one has solely fast twitch or solely slow twitch muscles. Each person has a specific ratio of slow to fast twitch muscle fibers that determines what kind of sports or activities that they are better suited to (ie endurance vs. sprints). In other words, marathon runners have more slow twitch muscle fibers than do sprinters and boxers have more fast twitch muscle fibers in comparison to cyclists. Although the ratio of muscle fiber types plays a role in determining the types of sports and activities that a person participates in, it is not a completely â€Å"firm† method of deciding on the type of performance expected from an individual. Some sports, like soccer, are activities that require a fair amount of both slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers in order to perform at the highest level, and this holds true for many sports (Ekblom 1986). Therefore the question is â€Å"how can athletes enhance the performance of both their slow twitch muscle fibers and fast twitch muscle fibers with one series of exercises?†. In the past there has not been a good answer to this question. Coaches and athletes have simply trained one set of muscle fibers on one day and then train the other muscle fibers on the next days. In this way all of the muscle fiber types were being trained, but not in a single training session, and thus the simulation of a game or competitive event was not accurately depicted. However, recently kinesiology has taken an interesting turn with regard to training multiple muscle groups at the same time. The next section will discuss a few of these techniques at length. Exercises to train multiple muscle groups Researchers have determined that there are sets or groupings of exercises that can effectively train both slow and fast twitch muscle fibers, as well as training multiple muscle groups, concurrently. This group of exercises is collectively known as polymetric exercises. The meaning of the word polymetric is just as its roots imply. These are exercises that employ techniques to train multiple (poly-) muscles at once using different movements (-metrics). There are several different types of exercises that are all considered polymetric exercises. These exercises include all non-isolationistic movement, or in other words, any exercise or movement that trains more than one muscle or muscle group at a time. These exercises can include plyometric exercises, isotonic exercises, polykinetic exercises , polytonic exercises or compound exercises. We will look at each type briefly as a preliminary procedure. Plyometric Exercise Plyometric exercises are a group of exercises that many organized sports teams and athletes are familiar with. Plyometrics are usually implemented in what are also known as â€Å"drills†. These can include such practices as box jumping, jump roping, line hops, etc. Basically, plyometrics serve to recreate certain situations that the athlete may encounter during a competitive event. This could be anything from jumping over a would be tackler, making a quick turn to avoid an opponent, or jumping over a hurdle. There are many plyometric drills that are employed by various coaches and one only needs to decide on the specific movements that are used in the activity that they are involved with in order for new drills to be designed. Plyometrics are very good at training the fast twitch muscle fibers to react with greater efficiency and at a higher rate than the original state of the muscle. Even though most polymetric muscles are good at training both types of muscle fibers, plyomet ric exercises in general do not do a good job of training the slow twitch muscle fibers and thus are considered an earlier stage of exercise development than other more advanced polymetric exercises. Isotonic Exercise Isotonic exercises are a group of exercises that stresses a constant load of resistance against the opposing muscle. These are most easily generalized as the weight lifting exercises that people perform in a gym such as: bicep curls, bench press, and standing barbell rows. Most experts agree that the use of free weights for these exercises is essential because free weights tend to employ more muscle groups at the same time in order to balance the weight. It is due to the act of balancing muscle groups that more muscle mass may be gained by using free weights instead of machines. Its important to realize that not all isotonic exercises can be called polymetric exercises. In most cases the use of isotonic exercises necessitates the employment of more than one muscle group or type of muscle fiber at a time and therefore may be classified as a polymetric exercise, however in some cases isotonic exercises may isolate a single muscle or muscle group in which case they can no longer be cons idered a polymetric exercise. Polykinetic Exercise Polykinetic exercise literally means multiple motion or multiple movement. Dancers and tennis players perform these exercises most frequently in order to increase their â€Å"spring† or vertical jumping height. Polykinetic exercises sometimes are misclassified as other polymetric exercises such as polymetrics. Polykinetics use multiple motion exercises to employ as many muscles as possible in one specific exercises. Again, polykinetics much like plyometrics are used mostly to train fast twitch muscle fibers, however if the exercises are performed for a longer period of time then these could also be used to train the slow twitch muscle fibers as well. Polytonic Exercise Polytonic exercise is not actually a separate division of polymetric exercise but is simply used interchangeably with polymetric and plyometric when discussing various sports training activities. Literally polytonic means â€Å"multiple tones† and was originally applied to Greek orthography. Compound Exercise Compound exercise is also simply another way to express the idea of an exercise which involves multiple muscle employment. However, most researchers acknowledge compound exercises as those that involve a great deal of balance as well as the actual movement of the exercise. There are now specific tools that are used in conjunction with compound exercises which include such items as balance boards, balance balls, posture correcting exercise balls, etc. All of these items are designed to force the person exercising to not only employ their muscles during the exercise, but also use them to balance themselves and the weight at the same time. Why does polymetric training work? The idea and principle behind polymetric training is to â€Å"get the most bang for your buck†. Exercise kinesiologists have developed methods to get the most muscle fatigue and consequent recovery in the least amount of time and energy expenditure. This age of technology is the fastest paced since the industrial revolution and does not appear to be slowing down any. Therefore it is imperative for today’s athletes to be able to train as many muscle groups as possible in one session, while still maintaining a high level of performance. Polymetric exercises allow this to happen and in some cases have been shown to provide the best possible training for the competitive event for which they are intended (Noda et al. 1998). The Ins and Outs of Polymetrics Polymetric exercises have been shown to improve the ability of many sports teams and athletes to perform at amazingly high levels when employed correctly. The types of activities that are performed are very important and should be specific to that particular sport. For example, it has been shown that soccer players need the recruitment of both fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers. Soccer is a sport that requires not only stamina to last the entirety of the game while running almost constantly, but also demands small bursts of speed and energy in order to outdistance your opponent or to save the ball (Reilly 2005). In the case of soccer then, it is absolutely essential to not just train for endurance or for speed, but for a combination of the two. By utilizing polymetrics it is possible to not only train both slow and fast twitch muscle groups, but is possible to do this at the exact same time. The optimal conditioning program is the implementation of a holistic fitness approach as stated by Reilly (2005). While the types of exercises are extremely important, another aspect of training which is often overlooked is that of the time of training. This is not referring to the time of day, but rather the time in the training regime. It is believed that the sequence in the exercise routine is linked to the overall performance of the participant later in a competitive event. Using the concepts of strength and endurance as potential results, it is possible to make a few generalizations concerning training. First, an athlete will have the most energy during the beginning phase of an exercise or workout routine and will be able to produce the most power. We can say that this is when his/her strength is at its highest level throughout the entire routine. Secondly, if an athlete wanted to increase his/her strength to the optimal level he/she should train their bodies at the point when their strength is the highest initially so that the amount of stress on the muscles is the greatest, leading to the most growth. It would seem reasonable then to assume that in order to gain the most strength gains an athlete would do some sort of polymetric training early on in their workout routine. Since polymetrics would work multiple groups and the athlete is working these muscles early, the greatest increase in athletic ability would be in strength instead of endurance. However, if we assume that at the end of a workout period an athlete’s muscles are at their weakest point or are the most tired/stressed, then it is reasonable to say that the opposite is true if the polymetric exercises are performed at the end of a workout session. If performed at the end of an exercise period, polymetric drills will increase the endurance of an individual since the muscles will not be exerting the most force (ie strength) that they are capable of, but will instead be utilizing the longterm energy sources in the body. Conclusion Polymetric exercise encompass a wide range of workouts, drills, and exercise regimes which all help to stress the body’s muscles in many different ways. In the case of soccer players it is of the utmost importance that these techniques be employed. According to Reilly (2005) today’s soccer players are enjoying an increased physical ability and game tempo compared to decades in the past. This is due not only to better medicine and technology, but also to the increase of high end research performed in the disciplines of physiology and kinesiology. It is an obvious assumption that the temporal aspect of exercise is extremely important in determining what muscles are stressed and how. This paper has shown that in order to increase strength, athletes should perform polymetric drills at the beginning of an exercise routine and to increase stamina or endurance one should perform polymetric drills at the end of a practice or exercise period. This claim is significant in that it implies that polymetrics may be more important to athletes as they increase their basal fitness level and approach loftier performance levels in an effort to perform at their absolute best. It is necessary for research to continue to be done in this area so that athletes may continue to increase their performance levels naturally and without pharmaceutical enhancement.